Energy-Efficient MAC for Cellular IoT State-of-the-Art, Challenges, and Standardization
Abstract : In the modern world, the connectivity-as-we-go model is gaining popularity. Internet-of-Things (IoT) envisions a future in which human beings communicate with each other and with devices that have identities and virtual personalities, as well as sensing, processing, and networking capabilities, which will allow the developing of smart environments that operate with little or no human intervention. In such IoT environments, that will have battery-operated sensors and devices, energy efficiency becomes a fundamental concern. Thus, energy-efficient (EE) connectivity is gaining significant attention from the industrial and academic communities. This work aims to provide a comprehensive state-of-the-art survey on the energy efficiency of medium access control (MAC) protocols for cellular IoT. we provide a detailed discussion on the sources of energy dissipation at the MAC layer and then propose solutions. In addition to reviewing the proposed MAC designs, we also provide insights and suggestions that can guide practitioners and researchers in designing EE MAC protocols that extend the battery life of IoT devices. Finally, we identify a range of challenging open problems that should be solved for providing EE MAC services for IoT devices, along with corresponding opportunities and future research ideas to address these challenges.
? Existing consumption models and energy efficiency mechanisms are categorized, analyzed and discussed, in order to highlight the main trends proposed in literature and standards toward achieving energy-efficient IoT networks.
? The ultimate goal of IoT is to enhance existing services and applications or deliver new ones to users, with little to no human intervention .
? Cellular LPWANs extend the existing cellular systems, allowing the reuse of the same architecture for long-range IoT scenarios and applications, and in particular mMTC.
? It is built upon GSM networks and existing cellular base stations with a simple software update.
? We identify a range of challenging open problems that should be solved for providing EE MAC services for IoT devices, along with corresponding opportunities and future research ideas to address these challenges.
? The authors in use the UL sparse code multiple access enabled contention-based mechanisms to overcome the problems of scalability and network overload.
? This problem will even get worse with the exponential growth of connected IoT devices and their demand for high data rates and enhanced QoS.
? Some questions were also raised in the context of low power consumption of an IoT device that can help researchers find potential research problems.
• This paper presents an extensive literature survey on the methodologies and approaches used and proposed to increase the energy efficiency and thus lower the power consumption of the most widespread IoT technologies.
• Moreover, the paper also provides a deep analysis of proposed energy and power consumption models for the same technologies, and attempts to create a classification of said methods.
• A review of power and energy consumption models proposed for LPSANs and LPWANs, and corresponding technologies.
• A model for the current consumption of a Sigfox device is proposed in , based on measurements from a real Sigfox device.
? The energy level detection is a critical factor in LPL performance, and the authors in proposed an adaptive energy detection protocol.
? However, its performance can be compromised due to the false wake-up of a device.
? There are some advancements in the PSM mode that provide desired delay performance keeping the energy consumption to a minimum, such as a smart PSM (SPSM).
? In such IoT environments, that will have battery-operated sensors and devices, energy efficiency becomes a fundamental concern.
? This work aims to provide a comprehensive state-of-the-art survey on the energy efficiency of medium access control (MAC) protocols for cellular IoT.
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