Identification of Missing Bridges which would increase the connectivity between regions
Abstract : The development of linear infrastructure such as pipelines can have a dramatic impact on forest connectivity through canopy fragmentation. Because many forest animals are arboreal and spend their lives in the forest canopy, fragmentation caused by linear infrastructure may isolate animals on either side. Here we present our findings on linear infrastructure effects on canopy connectivity and impact mitigation with natural canopy bridges. Natural bridges are connections between branches that are left behind in the forest canopy above, in this case, a pipeline during the clearing of the right-of-way. We share our experiences with a natural bridge case study in the Lower Urubamba Region of Peru on a project where 13 natural bridges were left on average at 410m intervals over 5km, with tree trunks 8 to 24m apart. We provide 16 recommendations for the development of such projects, from the planning stages, timeline for bridge establishment, and necessary personnel for design, to bridge selection and monitoring protocol. Natural bridges can be established with little effect on the pipeline construction timeline and cost as long as they are considered in the initial stages of pipeline design, and the locations of the bridges are selected in collaboration with the pipeline engineers and topography team as the position of the right-of-way is established. We strongly encourage companies to include natural bridges in linear infrastructure because they can be highly effective in increasing forest connectivity with little cost to the corporation and little effect on the pipeline development timeline.
? A fundamental assumption in the study is that existing, largely well-amortised rolling stock is or could be made available, in most cases by incumbents with vehicle reserves.
? It might appear obvious that timetables and tariff information on cross-border connections must be made available to inform passengers of their existence and encourage the use of cross-border passenger train services, but many European railway undertakings have in fact reduced such information.
? The authorities instead put more emphasis on improvements to existing infrastructure connections in the region.
? In order to solve this problem, we proposed a metric called approximation accuracy, to assess these different measures.
? It is a hard problem to confirm the number of bridging node in a posterior network.
? The usual approach is to select a threshold, and take those nodes with score larger than this threshold as destination nodes. However, how to take a reasonable threshold is still a hard problem.
• The novel evidence proposed suggests that, in the future, working women will have to adapt to important changes triggered by the digital transformation, which points to the importance of life-long learning and capacity building approaches.
• These difficulties notwithstanding, the proposed operational definition of dependent self-employed workers signals their more limited flexibility and ability to choose the features of their work than other self-employed individuals.
• In the last decade many methods have been proposed to identify hub nodes of networks.
? Several widely used methods utilize different centrality measures that are based on the concepts of degree, shortest pathway or position information.
? The performance of BNC was tested in many synthetic and real-world networks including LFR benchmark networks, social networks, biological networks and collaboration networks etc.
? We combined two main factors including road between ness and bridging coefficient together, and calculated the BNC score for each node, and then took those nodes with score larger than a particular threshold as predicted bridging nodes.
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