Early Wake-up Ahead Node for Fast Code Dissemination in Wireless Sensor Networks
Abstract : With the development of sensor-clouds, the traditional WSN is expanded and the computing capacity is greatly improved. However, there are still challenges to be solved in sensor-clouds, such as how to disseminate codes to all nodes in a fast and energy-saving way. In this paper, an early wake-up ahead (EWA) code dissemination scheme is proposed to disseminate codes more efficiently. The main innovations of EWA code dissemination scheme are as follows: (a) An early wake-up message (EWM) routing protocol is proposed to propagate the early wake-up message ahead to awake the nodes in the routing path before data packets arrive. The forecast message can be forwarded for multi-hops during a time slot, while the packet can only be forwarded for one hop. Therefore, the nodes in the routing path can be awakened before the sending node starts to transmit the packets, the sleep latency is thus reduced as the sending node has not to wait for the receiver to be awakened for transmission. (b) The proposed EWA scheme aims at accelerating the code dissemination by increasing the duty cycle of the nodes which are far from the sink based on the EWM routing protocol. Meanwhile, the EWA scheme can improve the energy utilization rate without affecting the network lifetime. Theoretical analysis has verified the proposed protocol and scheme do accelerate code dissemination and improve energy utilization ratio. The experimental results show that the proposed EWA scheme reduces the network delay by 16.53%–37.13% compared to the conventional schemes.
? A base-station may be a fixed node or a mobile node capable of connecting the sensor network to an existing communications infrastructure or to the Internet where a user can have access to the reported data.
? This may require actively adjusting transmit powers and signaling rates on the existing links to reduce energy consumption, or rerouting packets through regions of the network where more energy is available.
? New and existing coordinators are not necessarily neighbors in [33], which, in effect, makes the design less energy efficient because of the need to maintain the positions of two or three hop neighbors in the complicated SPAN algorithm.
? WSNs can be applied in various industrial applications to solve many related problems.
? Robots can cooperate and combat some of the major problems of WSNs, such as sensor node mobility, node redeployment, travelling salesman, etc.
? Specifically, increased transportation of people creates problems and time wastage, when a large number of vehicles is heading towards common destinations.
? Additionally, through the indicative examination of characteristic examples of them, their particular features are explained, while their benefits and problems are denoted.
• The surveys in and addressed several design issues and techniques for WSNs describing the physical constraints on sensor nodes, applications, architectural attributes, and the protocols proposed in all layers of the network stack.
• Two routing techniques, namely, information-driven sensor querying (IDSQ) and constrained anisotropic diffusion routing (CADR) were proposed in. CADR aims to be a general form of directed diffusion.
• Hierarchical or cluster-based routing, originally proposed in wireline networks, are well-known techniques with special advantages related to scalability and efficient communication.
• In, a protocol is proposed that computes an energy-efficient subnetwork, namely the minimum energy communication network (MECN) for a certain sensor network by utilizing low power GPS.
? The researchers collected the performance statistics of the network and despite the difficulty of the hospital environment due to interference and radio noise, the application of WSNs can improve the operation of a healthcare facility.
? The objective of machinery health monitoring is to examine the performance of various types of technical equipment and to either detect or predict the occurrence of faults that are obstructive or even catastrophic for their operation.
? This system is designed, implemented, deployed, and tested to monitor the structural performance of a bridge in China by sensing vibration signals that are produced under various conditions in specific points of interest located at the body of the bridge.
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